• br Origin of the vertebrate hexokinase

  2021-11-24

  

  Origin of the vertebrate hexokinase gene family Multiple hexokinases have been found in vertebrates, plants and yeast (Wilson, 1995, Cárdenas et al., 1998). A hexokinase in both vertebrates and yeast has, unfortunately, been named glucokinase. The sharing of the name glucokinase has suggested to

• While CART increased circulating levels of GIP and GLP

  2021-11-24

  

  While CART increased circulating levels of GIP and GLP-1 in vivo, we were unable to detect any effect of exogenous CART on GIP and GLP-1 mRNA expression or GLP-1 secretion in vitro. There is no ready explanation for this discrepancy. The CART doses used (both in vivo and in vitro) have been shown to

• br Materials and methods br

  2021-11-24

  

  Materials and methods Results Discussion Ghrelin is required for maintenance of glucose homeostasis under fasting conditions, and GHSR-null mice have low fasting blood glucose levels [5], [9]. In this study, we found that restoration of GHSR in nodose ganglion neurons rescued low fasting bl

• br Disclosure br Ghrelin System The existence of the

  2021-11-24

  

  Disclosure Ghrelin System The existence of the ghrelin system has been demonstrated in many species through a variety of biochemical, anatomical, and genetic studies. It is a complex and intricate regulatory system comprised of several peptides, including mature ghrelin and its derivative des-

• Cx is a phosphoprotein that

  2021-11-24

  

  Cx43 is a phosphoprotein that is predominantly phosphorylated in the control state. Cx43 can be phosphorylated by a number of kinases and dephosphorylated by protein phosphatases such as PP1 and PP2A [6], [10]. Posttranslational phosphorylation of Cx43 is thought to influence intercellular coupling

• br Author contributions br Transparency document

  2021-11-24

  

  Author contributions Transparency document Acknowledgments The financial contributions of the Marie-Curie Action: BIOCONTROL, contract number MCRTN – 33439, the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (projects membraneDNP 12-BSV5-0012, MemPepSyn 14-CE34-0001-01, InMembrane 15-CE11-0017-01 and the

• To date types of glucose transport

  2021-11-24

  

  To date, 14 types of glucose transport protein have been discovered, each having its own specific functions with different distributions [33]. Among these, GLUT4 is particularly important for maintaining glucose metabolism homeostasis and insulin sensitivity, since it is involved in glucose transpor

• br The Farnesoid X receptor FXR identification and ligands

  2021-11-24

  

  The Farnesoid X receptor (FXR): identification and ligands The Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) belongs to a family of proteins called Nuclear Receptors (NRs). NRs are a class of ligand-activated transcription factors, which transactivate networks of target genes, thereby mediating a wide range of phys

• br The Farnesoid X receptor FXR identification and ligands

  2021-11-24

  

  The Farnesoid X receptor (FXR): identification and ligands The Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) belongs to a family of proteins called Nuclear Receptors (NRs). NRs are a class of ligand-activated transcription factors, which transactivate networks of target genes, thereby mediating a wide range of phys

• br Introduction Farnesoid X receptor

  2021-11-24

  

  Introduction Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a bile epirubicin regulated nuclear receptor highly expressed in the liver, intestine, kidney and adrenal glands in rodents.1, 2, 3, 4 FXR regulates transport proteins, the bile salt export pump (BSEP) and the organic solute transporter α (OSTα) that ar

• br Clinical development of FGFR inhibitors in breast cancer

  2021-11-24

  

  Clinical development of FGFR inhibitors in breast cancer The rationale to explore the role of FGFR inhibitors in patients with breast cancer comes from a variety of sources. These include genomic aberrations frequently identified in the FGF/FGFR pathway in breast cancer, the increased sensitivity

• Free fatty acids FFAs which are obtained from dietary fat

  2021-11-24

  

  Free fatty acids (FFAs), which are obtained from dietary fat or endogenous synthesis, function as nutrients and signaling molecules. Studies have shown that free fatty Zacopride hydrochloride receptors 1–4 which are G-protein coupled receptors, bind free fatty acids and serve as receptors for these

• Results of studies on fish FBPase

  2021-11-24

  

  Results of studies on fish FBPase are somewhat confusing: although fishes skeletal muscles possess relatively high FBPase activity (Knox et al., 1980, Lushchak et al., 2001) and the isozyme present therein has kinetic properties typical to all vertebrates muscle FBPases (Rosenmann et al., 1977), inv

• STAR Methods br Acknowledgments We thank C

  2021-11-24

  

  STAR★Methods Acknowledgments We thank C. Hong, R. Huang, and Z. Yu at the HHMI Janelia cryo-EM facility for help with microscope operation and data collection. We thank A. Müller, W. Kan, and W. Weis for help with the SEC-MALS analysis and M. Elazar and J. Glenn for the use of equipment. P. Love

• In summary we have designed and optimized

  2021-11-23

  

  In summary, we have designed and optimized a new series of 1,4-dioxycyclohexane GPR119 agonists. SAR studies led to the discovery of the preferred molecule that has potent and efficacious GPR119 activity across species. This lead compound exhibited an excellent ADME and safety profile, and demonstra

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